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| -rw-r--r-- | 1.0 Network Fundamentals/Use-Models-to-Understand-IP-Networking.md | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 1.0 Network Fundamentals/esay-prompts-1.md | 126 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 2.0 Network Access/2.4-etherchannel.md | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | call-notes-14-nov-2025.md | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | fina-prep-tips-third-attempt.md | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | jeff-subnetting-chart.md | 67 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | micronugget-subnetting.md | 22 |
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diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..db5c543 --- /dev/null +++ b/.DS_Store diff --git a/1.0 Network Fundamentals/Use-Models-to-Understand-IP-Networking.md b/1.0 Network Fundamentals/Use-Models-to-Understand-IP-Networking.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c99ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1.0 Network Fundamentals/Use-Models-to-Understand-IP-Networking.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# User Models to Understand IP Networking + +## Network Models + +|| OSI | TCP/IP | Actual | +|7|Application|Application|Application| +|6|Presentation|Application|Application| +|5|Session|Application|Application| +|4|Transport|Transport|Transport| +|3|Network|Network|Network| +|2|Data Link|Network Access|Data Link| +|1|Physical|Network Access|Physical| + diff --git a/1.0 Network Fundamentals/esay-prompts-1.md b/1.0 Network Fundamentals/esay-prompts-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e02b05e --- /dev/null +++ b/1.0 Network Fundamentals/esay-prompts-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +* 1.0 Network Fundamentals + * 1.1 Explain the role and function of network components + * 1.1 a Routers + A router is a device on Layer 3, the network layer, that forwards traffic between local area networks based on their IP addresses. + Routers have a routing table that lists known networks and the best paths to reach them. Routers are an essential part for breaking up broadcast + domains, enabling communication between different IP networks, and applying network policies. + * 1.1.b Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches + A Layer 2 switch forwards frames through a network based on the destination MAC address in the Layer 2 header. + A Layer 3 Switch is a multilayer switch that operates on Layer 3, the network layer. + * 1.1.c Next-generation firewalls and IPS + * 1.1.d Access Points + * 1.1.e Controllers (Cisco DNA Center and WLC) + * 1.1.f Endpoints + * 1.1.g Servers + Servers provide services to clients. + * 1.1.h PoE + * 1.2 Describe characteristics of network topology architectures + * 1.2.a Two-tier + * 1.2.b Three-tier + * 1.2.c Spine-leaf + * 1.2.d WAN + * 1.2.e Small office/home office (SOHO) + * 1.2.f On-premises and cloud + * 1.3 Compare physical interface and cabling types + * 1.3.a Single-mode fiber, multimode fiber, copper + * 1.3.b Connections (Ethernet shared media and point-to-point) + * 1.4 Identify interface and cable issues (collisions,errors, mismatch duplex, and/or speed) + * + * 1.5 Compare TCP and UDP + * 1.6 Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting + * 1.7 Describe private IPv4 addressing + * 1.8 Configure and verify IPv6 addressing and prefix + * 1.9 Describe IPv6 address types + * 1.9.a Unicast (global, unique local, and link local) + * 1.9.b Anycast + * 1.9.c Multicast + * 1.9.d MOdified EUI 64 + * 1.10 Verify IP parameters for Client OS (Windows, Mac OS, Linux) + * 1.11 Describe wireless principles + * 1.10.a Nonoverlapping Wi-Fi channels + * 1.10.b SSID + * 1.10.c RF + * 1.10.d Encryptio + * 1.12 Explain virtulaization fundamentals (server virtualiation, containers, and VRFs) + * 1.13 Describe switching concepts + * 1.13.a MAC learning and aging + * 1.13.b Frame switching + * 1.13.c Frame flooding + * 1.13.d MAC address table +* 2.0 Network Access + * 2.1 Configure and verify VLANs (normal range) spanning multiple switches + 2.1.a Access ports (data and voice) + 2.1.b Default VLAN + 2.1.c InterVLAN connectivity + * 2.2 Configure and verify interswitch connectivity + 2.2.a Trunk ports + 2.2.b 802.1Q + 2.2.c Native VLAN + * 2.3 Configure and verify Layer 2 discovery protocols (Cisco Discovery Protocol and LLDP) + * 2.4 Configure and verify (Layer 2/Layer 3) EtherChannel (LACP) + * 2.5 Interpret basic operations of Rapid/ PVST+ Spanning Tree Protocol + * 2.5.a Root port, root bridge (primary/secondary), and other port names + * 2.5.b Port states and roles + * 2.5.c PortFast + * 2.5.d Root guard, loop guard, BPDU filter and BPDU guard + * 2.6 Describe Cisco Wireless Architectures and AP modes + * 2.7 Describe physical infrastructure connections of WLAN components (AP, WLC, access/trunk ports and LAG) + * 2.8 Describe network device management access (Telnet, SSH, HTTP, HTTPS, console, TACAS+/RADIUS, and LAG) + * 2.9 Interpret the wireless LAN GUI configuration for client connectivity, such as WLAN creation, security settings, QoS profiles, and advanced settings +* 3.0 IP Connectivity + * 3.1 Interpret the components of routing table + * 3.1.a Routing protocols code + * 3.1.b Prefix + * 3.1.c Network mask + * 3.1.d Next hop + * 3.1.e Administrative distance + * 3.1.f Metric + * 3.1.g Gateway of last restore + * 3.2 Determing how a router makes forwarding decision by default + * 3.2.a Longest prefix match + * 3.2.b ADministrative distance + * 3.2.c Routing protocol metric + * 3.3 Configure and verify IPv4 and IPv6 static routing + * 3.3.a Default route + * 3.3.b Network route + * 3.3.c Host route + * 3.3.d Floating static + * 3.4 Configure and verify single area OSPFv2 + * 3.4.a Neighbor adjacencies + * 3.4.b Point-to-point + * 3.4.c Broadcast (DR/BDR selection) + * 3.4.d Router ID + * 3.5 Describe the purpose, functions, and concepts of the first hop redundancy protocols +* 4.0 IP Services + * 4.1 Configure and verify inside source NAT using static and pools + * 4.2 Configure and verify NTP operating in a client and server mode + * 4.3 Explain the role of DHCP and DNS within the network + * 4.4 Explain the function of SNMP in network operations + * 4.5 Describe the use of syslog features, including facilities and severity levels + * 4.6 Configure and verify DHCP client and relay + * 4.7 Explain the forwarding per-hop behavior (PHB) for QOS such as classifcation, marking, queuing, congestion, policing, and shaping + * 4.8 Configure network devices for remote access using SSH + * 4.9 Describe the capabilities and functions of TFTP/FTP in the network +* 5.0 Security Fundamentals + * 5.1 Define key security concepts (threats, vulnerabilites, exploits, and mitigation techniques) + * 5.2 Describe security program elements (user awareness, training and physical access control) + * 5.3 Configure and verify device access control using local passwords + * 5.4 Describe Security password policy elements, such as management, complexity, and password alternatives (multifactor authentication, certificates, and biometrics) + * 5.5 Describe IPsec remote access and site-to-site VPNs + * 5.6 Configure and verify access control lists + * 5.7 Configure and verify Layer 2 security features (DHCP snooping, dynmaic ARP inspection, and port security) + * 5.8 Compare authentication, authorization, and accounting concepts + * 5.9 Describe wireless security protocols (WPA, WPA2, and WPA3) + * 5.10 configure and verify WLAN within the GUI using WPA2 PSK +* 6.1 Explain how automation impacts network management + * 6.2 Compare traditional networks and controller-based networking + * 6.3 Describe controller-based,software defined architecture (overlay, underlay, and fabric) + * 6.3.a Seperation of control plane and data plane + * 6.3.b Northbound and Southbound APIs + * 6.4 Explain AI (generative and predictive) and machine learning in network operations + * 6.5 Describe characteristics of REST-based APIs (authentication types, CRUD, HTTP verbs, and data encoding) + * 6.6 Recoginize the capabilities of configuration management mechanisms such as Ansible and Terraform + * 6.7 Recognize compenents + + +`kc5$2}{(oZFcVd[v`
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.0 Network Access/2.4-etherchannel.md b/2.0 Network Access/2.4-etherchannel.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad80fba --- /dev/null +++ b/2.0 Network Access/2.4-etherchannel.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# 2.4 Etherchannel + +Access layer switch, a switch that end hosts connect to. + +Distribution layer switch, a switch that access layer switches connect to. + diff --git a/call-notes-14-nov-2025.md b/call-notes-14-nov-2025.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa9c285 --- /dev/null +++ b/call-notes-14-nov-2025.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# Call Notes + +For subnetting give yourself an IP and get + +Network Host +Broadcast Host +First IP +Last IP + +203.15.100.18 + +Say you want $X networks with $internal-ip and number of $hosts needed.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fina-prep-tips-third-attempt.md b/fina-prep-tips-third-attempt.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8859afa --- /dev/null +++ b/fina-prep-tips-third-attempt.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Final prep tips, + +1. Use the Cisco topic guide, https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/ccna-v1-1-exam-topics as a final check off list. Go through each bullet point and see if you can write to it like an essay prompt or explain it out loud. In a pinch you can even just go through it in your mind, if you are comfortable with the item check it and move on to the next. (The topic guide is Cisco telling us what they expect us to know for the exam.) Do this at least twice, once when you are close to being done with studies of all the topics and most importantly 2-3 days before sitting for your exam. +2. Make sure you know the general set up CLI and show commands you would use for any configure and verify item in the topic guide in topics 2, 3, 5 and any wireless config and verify item. +3. I recommend this 5-10 minute focus exercise every day for one to two weeks prior to sitting for your exam. Prepare for the white board you are allowed to use during the exam (online and in person exams) by taking a blank piece of printer paper or in a text editor and write or type out your subnetting charts, default configs, OSI and TCP/IP models. Your choice of anything you feel would be helpful to have written and able to be referenced (OSPF neighbor requirements) instead of having to be thought about during the timed test environment. +4. Focus in on topics two and three from the topic guide, be solid on these. +5. Wireless items can be found in topics 1-5, spend a little extra review time on those items if you have time. +6. Use a practice exam, the one from CBT Nuggets or any other you have. Take 15-20 questions and deconstruct them, look for keywords in the question as well as in the answers, see how things are worded. Focus on the wording of these questions. This may feel redundant and simple, the purpose is to get you in the mind set of looking for details and thinking this way on the actual exam, so it is good to do this exercise the week you will take the exam. +7. Remember that you cannot go back on a Cisco exam, there is no question review, once you submit each question you are done with it. +8. Study to the topic guide! (See the first bullet item above). + diff --git a/jeff-subnetting-chart.md b/jeff-subnetting-chart.md index 939b2e3..bbcf53e 100644 --- a/jeff-subnetting-chart.md +++ b/jeff-subnetting-chart.md @@ -10,3 +10,70 @@ Each IPv4 address has 8 bits and each bit has a place, each place has a value. This is positional notation. +If we explode the third octate, x.x._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.x + +The values for each place in an octet are 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 + +Adding these values together will get us: 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 which is the decimal mask based upon position. + +Pretending we are in the third octet for example, if we were to list out masks in slash notation we would have: + +/17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22/ 23 /24 + +Putting those lines together get us a lot of information such as, a mask in decimal, block size, and decimal mask in slash. + +128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 (mask in decimal) +128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (positional notation and block size) +/17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 (mask in slash notation) + +That is an excelent chart to use, we can add the slash notation depending upon which octet we are working in. + +For example: + +Given Class B 172.25.0.0 we need 0 hosts over 6 networks + +Figuring they gave you the network ID an dsince it is class B the default mask is /16 or 255.255.0.0 + +We'd start from 172.25.0.0/16, the first two octets are network bits but based on the mask the 3rd and 4th octets are completly available. We need to subnet to meet their +requirements of 80 hosts per network and at least 6 networks. Since the last two octets are completely avilable we have 16 bits available to do that. + +Using the the `2^h-2` and `2^n` formulas, where h=number of hosts bits left over and n=number of hosts bits borrowed. + +2^6-2=62 but 2^7-2=126, so we need to ensure however many bits we borrow we leave at least 7 to meet the hosts requirements. + +They want over 6 new networks so we need to borrow all of the rest of the bits from the 16 we had available, which is 9. We already set aside 7 for the host requirements +(16-7=9). We add the 9 bits (locking bits in place from left to right) to the bits we already have representing network bits (/16, the first two octets), which is 16+9 (16+9=25) +and that gives us a new mask of /25. + +We can double check by subtracting the total number of bits from our 25 to see if we have the amount of bits needed for the required hosts, 32-25=7. + +Another forumla we can use, 2^n, can be used to find the number of new networks. 2^9=512. We have lots of networks and should definietely be over 6. + +Our subnets are going to start at the address we were given, 172.25.0.0, and go up from there by increments of 128. + +New subnets: +1. 172.25.0.0/25 +2. 172.25.0.128/25 +3. 172.25.1.0/25 +4. 172.25.1.128/25 +5. 172.25.2.0/25 +6. 172.25.2.128/25 +7. 172.25.3.0/25 +8. 172.25.3.128/25 + +# Finding the Network Address + +Given 192.168.23.12/29 + +We're in the fourth octet so adding slash notation as well for the fourth octet + +128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 +128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 +/25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32 + +/29 gives a block size of 8. + +Subnet ID: 192.168.23.8/29 +First Usable: 192.168.23.9 +Last Usable: 192.168.23.14 +Broadcast: 192.168.23.15 (The final address before the next block)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/micronugget-subnetting.md b/micronugget-subnetting.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff22c48 --- /dev/null +++ b/micronugget-subnetting.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# MicroNugget: How to to Select Subnet Sizes for VLANs + +## The Most Common Subnets Used + +* /22 (255.255.252.0) - 1024 IPs / 1022 usable +* /23 (255.255.254.0) - 512 IPs / 510 usable +* /24 (255.255.255.0) - 256 IPs / 254 usable +* /29 (255.255.255.248) - 8 IPs / 6 usable +* /30 (255.255.255.252) - 4 IPs /2 usable + * point-to-point WAN uplinks + +HSRP / VRRP - Virtual IP Address + +VLANs Sample + +* VLAN 1 = unused (none) +* VLAN 10 = server/printer (/24) +* VLAN 20 = VOIP (/24) +* VLAN 30 = guest (/22) +* VLAN 40 = internal (/22) +* VLAN 40 flex (/24) + |